Reunification Issues of Central American Immigrants Essay

Reunification Issues of Central American Immigrants - Essay Example However, in the present period of data and information, it might be seen that it has gotten more significant than any other time in recent memory to watch out for including writing that relates legitimately to the investigation and discoveries of the current subject. This is the place an audit of the writing comes in as it enables the analyst to take a gander at the utilization of writing assembled in a basic way. As per Cooper (Davies et al, 2003) a writing audit utilizes as its database reports of essential or unique grant, and doesn't report new essential grant itself. The essential reports utilized in the writing might be verbal, however in by far most of cases reports are composed records. The kinds of grant might be experimental, hypothetical, basic/investigative, or methodological in nature. Second a writing audit looks to depict, sum up, assess, explain and additionally coordinate the substance of essential reports. These standards as set somewhere around Cooper have been followed in guaranteeing that the writing utilized inside this thesis has been investigated cautiously so as to exclude immaterial bits of work and incorporate just those that are pertinent to the subject. (Davies et al, 2003) This paper along these lines sums up the different works that have been utilized as far as different sub points and areas inside the exposition. In doing as such, there is a nearby association with the system and fundamental explanation of the exposition. The standards acquired from crafted by the researchers that have been utilized in this exposition relate straightforwardly with the announcement of this paper. As a country, the United States of America has followed through on a substantial cost for achieving development. This is by all accounts the essential reason whereupon writer T.H Breen has manufactured the belief systems that shapes the country, in his book named, The Power of Words - Documents in American History. This book depends on a significant part of American history which begins similarly as the common war finished in 1860. History is still frequently observed as the introduction of realities from an earlier time, with the goal that learning includes the simple retention of the realities. What leaves a mark on the world so fascinating and invigorating, nonetheless, are the discussions that rise over the realities. From a beginning time, the center entry propelled moral shock among those restricted to the slave exchange, who frequently regarded it as the most horrendous piece of the entire slave understanding. As of late a few researchers have contended that such good shock ha s prompted an exaggerated instead of a chronicled record of the center section. I have attempted to introduce a contention that we need an increasingly adjusted and less moralistic record of the center entry from the viewpoint of the changing qualities and difficulties hurled by industrialization. (Breen T. H; 1997) This focuses to the crumbling of the customary family framework with regards to the rise of the new, settler family inside Central America where moving in the direction of making another personality is the thing that includes the most as far as reunification issues and issues relating to detachment during movement of whole families. Another significant bit of writing in such manner is by Coutin (2005) who accepts that viciousness against youngsters is the most well-known base of

A baseball Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A baseball - Essay Example There's a man in Mobile who remember that Honus Wagner strike a triple in Pittsburgh 46 years back that is baseball. As is the scout detailing that a 16-year-old sandlot container in Cheyenne is the coming Walter Johnson.Baseball is a commanding race of man close to man, response against response. A round of creep. Every aptitude is conscious. Each brave, each decaying is seen and hails or booed. And afterward turns into a sign. In baseball, fair framework sparkles its most clear. The just race that issues is the race to the pack (Hardly a Baseball Hotbed, 2003).The principal recorded baseball rivalry occurred a year thereafter, in 1846. Cartwright's Knickerbockers lost to the New York Baseball Club in an interest at the Elysian Fields, in Hoboken, New Jersey. These unpaid games transform into extra repetitive and all the more popular. In 1857, a social event of beginner groups was called to discuss rules and different issues. Twenty five groups from the upper east sent hand over. Th e ensuing year, they framed the National Association of Base Ball Players, the essential arranged baseball group. In its first year of activity, the alliance bolstered itself by sporadically charging fans for induction. The up and coming looked incredibly bright.The mid 1860s, however were a period of colossal disorder in the United States. In those long stretches of the social War, the quantity of baseball clubs dropped fundamentally.

Six Recent Life-Changing Thoughts on Food

Six Recent Life-Changing Thoughts on Food I. Emergency Dinner Sunday afternoon catches me cooking for 30+ in a hot frantic kitchen where the concentrated afternoon heat fringes on vile. Might I mention that my cooking partner, Danny, is flamingly vegan in the friendliest sense of the phrase. His trip to Whole Foods ended with a miniature avalanche of lentils, peppers, onions, brown rice, fat pungent mushrooms, like a million thimble-sized cans of tomato paste, tempeh, wheat buns, six chipotle peppers, pita bread, and yuppieish bottles of marinades, agave syrup, organic molasses, and cider vinegar messily cluttered over the counter. Tonights dinner will feature an ambitious BBQ-themed menu complemented by a spasm of last-minute surprises: stir, simmer, serve. Stage 1: chopped onions mutiny and leap overboard. Stage 2: an aborted experiment in homemade black bean burgers is sublimated into a thick savory stew. Stage 3: minutes before serving, an entire pan of baked pesto tofu is briskly upended onto the neat red tile floor, during which Jon accid entally grills the terriyaki-glazed pineapple sans aluminum foil and then deliberately grills a pretty slab of locally-raised maple-cured ham that turns out to be invisible until right after everyone leaves the dinner table. Mishaps aside, the inaugural mouthful of thick wild mushroom gravy slathered over honey walnut bread, chased by burgers under smothering spoonfuls of spicy homemade organic-molasses-and-agave chipotle BBQ sauce, injected a bloom of forgiveness into stomach and heart embittered by 2.5 hours of peeling/chopping/boiling/blending/grilling/saucing/baking/cleaning/scouring/sweating. Forks swoon and groan under pilings of rice-and-lentil burgers, mushroom gravy, grilled pineapple slices, bratwurst, hamburgers, Whole Foods-brand wheat buns, pita bread, black bean stew, teriyaki baked tofu, and musky-sweet BBQ sauce that makes me want to weep honeyed, tangy tears of the same sauce, because it would frankly be the most delicious act of weeping ever. Night drops like a blanket, and I am suffused with sticky satisfying exhaustion. Not that Id ever do it again. II. Breakfast as Therapy College is a breeding ground for weirdly poignant relationships with food. A friend of mine ate nothing but bread and cereal for a week. I once ate seven bowls of cereal in one day. Ive also eaten cereal that my roommate claimed off of MITs reuse mailing list at 2 AM one night. One of the GRTs in Random Hall bought a small nations GDP-worth of cereal at Star Market once because it was on sale. He is currently undergoing an emotional separation from boxes of expired Life*. *A lucid metaphor for the fate of the average stuck-in-grad-school grad student, as it so happens. Ive come to believe that the gentle predictability of cereal, the ubiquitous crunch and murmured tingle of glucose, fulfills the freshmans unspoken need for comfort, stasis, eternal breakfast. Same with bananas, with their blond sweetness and 69 cents-per-pound price tag at your nearest grocery store. Cereal and bananas are basically the only things you can depend on on when the sight of your daily itinerary inspires schizophrenia. Which is why its so heartbreaking when your banana peel wont open the right way. III. Pineapple One night, I walked outside onto Massachusetts Avenue and got hijacked into a city-wide dance party on the busiest street in Cambridge- i.e., a glowstick-festooned mass of 800+ tax-paying citizens pulsating unhygenically to the throbbing ear-stabbing beats of 80s disco and soul. Because this was thriller, thriller night, and no ones going to save me from the Mass. Ave. Dance Party about to strike, I caved in and joined, barely pausing to appreciate the florally-patterned light displays and the centrifugal skillz of the nocturnal neon-studded hula hoopers. I tripped home, amputated a pineapple, and devoured a slice of bright tart fruit doused in plenty of balsamic vinegar and heaping mounds of cayenne powder. It felt more like getting punched in the face by a pineapple, but nonetheless I dug the fork deep into the tender yellow flesh and let the pineapple have its revenge on my face. IV. Matt Ritter Eats Lunch 90% of the food consumed in college does not come packaged with social constraints. Matt Ritters favorite snack involves spaghetti-os, lemon juice, fruit loops, an ice cream sandwich, and two slices of high-quality whole-wheat bread. Just imagine the most natural way to eat all of the above in one bite, and you will have recreated Matt Ritters unpatentable recipe. On ordinary days, Matt Ritter favors quieter tastes, such as that of a banana omelette cooked in a high-power microwave (open a tortilla, slice bananas over it, crack two eggs over the whole mess, pop into microwave, serve with an immensity of peanut butter). Matt Ritter also pours cereal on everything, including chili beans. V. The Beef-Shank Redemption Last weekend, a menu plastered in the dingy-cornered window of Thailand Cafe hooked my eye. In past experience, Thailand Cafe has served weak curries infused with the chefs secret blend of regret and stunning blandness. Thailand Cafe is somewhat redeemed by the fact that it is cheap, usually empty, and all of ten feet away from Random Hall and less than ten minutes walking distance away from most of MIT. Some people appear to enjoy Thailand Cafe; other people understand the pleasure of eating food that contains nonzero amounts of seasoning. Yet the idealist buried inside my contemptuous, hard-shell gourmand fantasizes that maybe, just maybe, Thailand Cafes crappiness hides a brilliant chef trapped in a cocoon of terrible menu decisions, forever catering to an audience whose tastes are slightly more sophisticated than those of a pogo stick. Pin this as my excuse for barging inside one morning, asking the waitress for the semi-secret Sichuan menu (the chef and waitstaff are all Chinese, by the way), and ordering a lineup of dishes straight from the obscenest dreams of a passive-aggressive vegetarian Buddhist. I started with cold beef tripe and tongue, bathed in chili oil and garnished with chopped peanuts. The thin, flaking slices alternated between meltingly tender and softly chewy as only intestines can be, but they conspicuously lacked the bone-shattering crunch of tendon that usually makes this dish so texturally addictive. Not bad, could use a few more generous shots of capsaicin. Next came a bed of velvety, salty curls of smoked pork belly, thickly streaked with iridescent milky-white fat, an indulgent contrast to the sleek silky sheaths of leek in company. Well-played. Finally, braised beef was drop-dead gorgeous in a feisty dress of cumin, cilantro, and Sichuan pepper. Trying to relive a bite of sizzling meat juice bursting through a crust of hot spices endangers the propriety of language, so Ill stop here. Slowly, my heart is gasping out room to forgive Thailand Cafe for their unspeakable red curry combo. VI. Poem about Wild Raspberries by a Jeep A miracle of ripe red raspberries hatches upon the hedges in pikas parking lot. Vermilion with a vengeance, the juicy light through the baby bubbles gurgles the eye. Plucky hairs poke raw fingertips, piercing incisors, mouth madly pulping plump red berries: A bloodletting under pearly teeth.

How Does The Student s Affect His Or Her Learning And /...

Discussion of One Question: How does the student’s exceptionality affect his or her learning and/or behavior? Include descriptions of strengths, interests, and talents as well as those areas that pose a challenge to the student. (K ’s) exceptionality hasn’t change, who, he is as a student or individual. He s just like most of our student’s who is struggling to learn grade level material and being a ESL (English Second Language) student has challenged his ability to translate comprehension between the two languages. As I stated before (K) has an (IEP) to help give him strategies to comprehend core academics. (K) express confusion and he doesn’t understand why some subjects are easy for him and others are more difficult. He is a great reader and (K) can answer most single direction question about a math problem; however, if the problem is asking him to set- up a multi-digit mathematical problem. He tends to have a more difficult time setting up mathe matical problem with the correct math operation.One of (K) many strengths is his ability to read with fluency. He always will to help his fellow classmates on math problems that are easy for him to solve. His academic strength lies in math, even though, he struggles with higher math functions/problems. (K) has been place in advance band by his band director, due to his dedication in playing different instruments. (K) is also an extra helper for the band teacher due to his dedication to music. He loves to play soccer, basketball,Show MoreRelatedSocial Learning And Constructivism Theory1030 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Learning and Constructivism Learning is described as a process by which behavior changes as a result of experience. According to Merriam and Cafarella (1991), there are five theories/orientations to learning, two of which will be compared in this paper; social learning theory and constructivism theory. 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The Patient Physician Relationship For Effective Delivery...

1.0 Introduction and Background of the Study Privacy is an underlying governing principle of the patient-physician relationship for effective delivery of healthcare. Patients are required to share information with their physicians to facilitate correct diagnosis and determination of treatment, especially to avoid adverse drug interactions. However patients may refuse to disclose important information in cases of health problems such as psychiatric behavior and HIV as their disclosure may lead to social stigma and discrimination. Over time, a patient’s medical record accumulates significant personal information including identification, history of medical diagnosis, digital renderings of medical images, treatment received medication†¦show more content†¦Extended Enterprise Figure 1.1: Typical Information flow in a Healthcare System On the other hand, one must also protect sensitive patient information from being distributed to unauthorized persons, that is, one should strive to maintain patient privacy. Patient information is thus a critical factor in healthcare and should follow the patient during the whole patient process even if the patient visits more than one healthcare provider, that is, in distributed healthcare. Protecting patient information has always been a high priority within the healthcare domain. When electronic healthcare records (EHR) are used, the availability of patient information increases. 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Martin Luther the Reformer Free Essays

Commonly referred to as, â€Å"The Father of Protestantism† (Funk and Wagnalls 337), â€Å"Martin Luther was born into a world dominated by the Catholic Church† (www. pbs. org). We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther: the Reformer or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Luther had no intention of opposing the authority of Rome† (Funk and Wagnalls 336) but God had other plans. Martin Luther, who â€Å"was named after St Martin† (www. pbs. org) was born on November 10th, 1483 (Thulin 11). Mansfeld was his hometown, although he was born in Eisleben (Thulin 11). His parents moved to Mansfeld, to improve his father’s job prospect, in 1484 right after Luther’s birth (Thulin 12). After moving to Mansfeld, Luther’s father, Hans, became a miner (Thulin 11). â€Å"By 1491 the Luthers were one of the most respected families in Mansfeld† (www. pbs. org). Luther himself stayed in Mansfeld until 1496 (Thulin 12). Luther came from a family of peasants, (Thulin 11) his â€Å"parents were simple folk† (Erikson 54) and are described as â€Å"a pair of hardworking and pious Germans† (www. pbs. org). Martin’s father was the son of a farmer and â€Å"ruled his son with an iron fist† (www. pbs. org). In fact, Luther said â€Å"My father once whipped me so hard I ran away – I hated him until he finally managed to win me back† (www. bs. org). His mother, Margaret Luther, (Thulin 11) â€Å"came from a small but very well-off family† (www. pbs. org). Margaret is also described as â€Å"a harsh disciplinarian† (www. pbs. org). Luther said on the subject of parents, â€Å"When God wants to speak with us, he do es not avail himself of an angel but of parents† (www. pbs. org). Luther’s parents had high hopes for their first son (www. pbs. org). They wanted him to become a lawyer because his father thought that â€Å"a man of Martin’s gifts trained in the law would rise even higher in the social scale† (Green 34). Luther â€Å"resented his father’s attempt to dominate his life and to push him into a career which he had selected for him† (Green 35), but he complied with his parents’ wishes (www. pbs. org). When Luther, out of terror, made a vow to become a monk his father was completely devastated (Bainton 21, www. pbs. org). In fact, â€Å"He did not tell his father of his final decision until he was behind the friary walls† (Green 35). Luther was educated in the schools of Eisenach and Magdeburg and in 1501, at the age of 17, he entered the University of Erfurt (Funk and Wagnalls 335, Erikson 24). Luther received his master’s degree at 21, in 1505 (Erikson 24). Years later in 1512, at 28, he â€Å"became a doctor of theology† (Erikson 24). That same year he was made professor of Biblical Literature and the year after he became a priest he became â€Å"a lecturer at the University of Wittenberg† (Funk and Wagnalls 335). On July 2nd of 1505 Luther experienced an event that would change his life forever (Thulin 16). â€Å"†¦ caught in a thunderstorm, terrified by the possibility of imminent death†¦ † (www. pbs. org) he cried out to St. Anne for help and vowed to become a monk (Bainton 21). Later that same year, at the age of 23, he entered the monastery (Erikson 24). Luther, in the summer of 1506, â€Å"became a fully-professed friar† (Green 37) and he celebrated his first mass in the Augustinian monastery in 1507 (Thulin 17). Although his Father did not approve of him becoming a monk, Hans went to great expense to make this occasion a festive day (Thulin 17). Luther was a devout monk for 20 years (Thulin 17, Simon 3). â€Å"As young monk Luther was obsessed with atoning for his sins† (www. pbs. org. com). He lived a holy life in the monastery, embracing â€Å"the rules of his order with unstinted zeal† (Green 37). From 1512 to 1513 Luther, spiritually uneasy, moved theologically away from orthodox teaching† (Green 45). He became â€Å"increasingly doubtful that the Church can actually offer him salvation at all† this is when he discovers that only â€Å"his own individual faith will guarantee his salvation† (www. pbs. org). Lut her â€Å"turns on the Church, attacking its practice of selling indulgences† (www. pbs. org). â€Å"It was his deliberate intention to prove that the doctrine of indulgences contravened the teaching of the Gospel† (Green 59). Although he â€Å"had no intention of†¦ ausing a schism in the church† (Funk and Wagnalls 336), â€Å"Luther had†¦ very little idea of where his criticisms were likely to lead him† (Green 59). He attacked the selling of indulgences in the 95 theses, which he nailed â€Å"to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg† in 1517 at the age of 32 (www. pbs. org, Funk and Wagnalls 336, Erikson 24). This action is regarded as the beginning of the Protestant Reformation (Funk and Wagnalls 336). In April of 1523, nine nuns arrived in Wittenberg (Thulin 85). They had escaped from a nunnery in empty fish barrels to take refuge in Wittenberg (www. bs. org). â€Å"Luther felt responsible to find for them all homes, husbands, o r positions of some sort† (Bainton 287). The last nun he placed was one named Katherine von Bora (Bainton 287). Hans had a great desire for Luther to â€Å"pass on the name† and it was suggested that Luther should marry Katherine when he had trouble placing her, but he did not take this suggestion seriously (Bainton 288). But just two years after her arrival, in May of 1525, Luther said that he wanted to marry Katherine before his death (Bainton 288). So, â€Å"†¦ choing a trend across Europe as former nuns and monks married†¦ † (www. pbs. org), Martin Luther and Katherine von Bora were married on June 13th, 1525 (Thulin 95). At 42, Luther â€Å"was beyond the customary age for marriage† and â€Å"Katherine was 16 years younger than† her husband at a youthful 26 (www. pbs. org, Bainton 288). Luther said, â€Å"There is no more lovely, friendly, and charming relationship, communion, or company than a good marriage† (www. pbs. org). H e also thought that â€Å"the man is the head of the wife because he was created first† (Bainton 299). Katherine von Bora was born in 1499 and her mother died soon after her birth (www. pbs. org, Bainton 291). Her father entered her into â€Å"the convent school of the Benedictine order† in 1504 and in 1508 she entered into the convent of Nimbschen (www. pbs. org). Just a few years later, in 1515 she took her vows (www. pbs. org). It was quite a task for Katherine to take care of Luther, considering he was often sick (Bainton 292, 293). After a while, Katherine became quite the doctor, in fact, the Luther household became the hospital of Wittenberg during times of epidemic (Simon 335). Luther said, â€Å"There is a lot to get used to in the first year of marriage† (Bainton 290); this is probably because Katherine took over the Luther household (www. pbs. org). â€Å"It is said that Dr. Luther did not have a clue how to run a household†, this is when Katherine stepped in and took over the household expenses (www. pbs. org). Since neither Katherine nor Luther had any money when they married (Bainton 291), and Luther wasn’t given a wage (www. pbs. org), to provide for the family, â€Å"In 1526 he installed a lathe, and learned woodworking† (Bainton 291). He â€Å"also housed students in his home to help the† family finances (www. pbs. org). On October 21, 1525 when Luther told a friend that Katherine was pregnant he said she was fulfilling the verse Genesis 1:28 (Bainton 293). Katherine bore six children in eight years, 3 boys and 3 girls (Bainton 291, 293 Simon 334). Martin and Katherine’s first child was a son, called Hans, born on June 7, 1526 (Bainton 293). A daughter, Elizabeth Luther was born on December 10, 1527, but on August 3rd of the next year, Elizabeth Luther died (Bainton 293, Thulin 103). On December 17, 1529 Magdalena Luther was born and nearly two years later Katherine gave birth to a son, who was named Martin Luther on November 9, 1531 (Bainton 293). Next was another son, Paul Luther on January 28, 1533, who later became a doctor, and finally Margaretha Luther was born to Martin and Katherine on December 17, 1534 (Bainton 292, 293). Sadly, on September 20th Martin Luther held Magdalena, his 14 year-old daughter, in his arms as she died (Bainton 304, Thulin 122). Life in the Luther house might have been somewhat hectic considering the â€Å"Luthers brought up four orphaned children from among relatives† (Bainton 294). Luther thought that â€Å"Children are subject to parents and especially to the father† (Bainton 299). Luther and Katherine are described as diligent parents, their children were well-disciplined, but in a loving way (www. pbs. org). â€Å"Luther doted on his large family† and although the house was always full â€Å"Their home was noted for its liveliness and its happiness† (www. pbs. org). Luther battled his whole life against depression (Bainton 362). â€Å"This man who so undergirded others with faith had for himself a perpetual battle for faith† (Bainton 359). â€Å"Luther felt that his depressions were necessary† (Bainton 362). These depressions were always about the same thing, the â€Å"loss of faith that God† was good to him, but Luther’s greatest problem came from how he should overcome his depressions (Bainton 361). He once said that â€Å"during the first year in the monastery the Devil is very quiet† this was not true later in Luther’s life (Bainton 37). Luther said, â€Å"When I go to bed, the Devil is always waiting for me† and he would even have direct encounters with the Devil himself (Bainton 362). Luther had a great enthusiasm for music (Bainton 340). â€Å"His interest in the arts was unusual among the reformers† (Funk and Wagnalls 337). He was â€Å"An accomplished Lute player† and he brought out a hymnbook in 1524 (www. pbs. org, Bainton 345). Luther’s most well known hymn is â€Å"A Mighty Fortress† which he wrote in the year of his deepest depression (Bainton 370). On February 14th, a few days before his death, Luther wrote his last letter to his wife (Thulin 127). He died later that month in the year 1546 at Eisleben and â€Å"was buried in the Castle Church of Wittenberg† (Thulin 128, Funk and Wagnalls 337). Luther never intended to become the Reformer for which he is remembered, in fact â€Å"Few people had heard of Martin Luther before he posted the 95 theses to the door of the Castle Church† (Green 9). He opposed the Catholic Church, â€Å"the most powerful institution of the day† (www. pbs. org), and is known as one of, if not, the most influential people in the history of the Christian Church. Works Cited Bainton, Roland H. Here I Stand: A Life Of Martin Luther. Abingdon-Cokesbury Press: New York. 1950 Erikson, Erik H.. Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History. W. W. Norton Company Inc. : New York. 1962 Green, V. H. H.. Luther and the Reformation. B. T. Batsford LTD. : London. 1964 http://www. pbs. org 2003 Devillier Donegan Enterprises. February 1, 2009 [http://www. pbs. org/empires/martinluther/about_driv. html] http://www. pbs. org 2003 Devillier Donegan Enterprises. February 1, 2009 [http://www. pbs. org/empires/martinluther/char_parents. html] http://www. pbs. rg 2003 Devillier Donegan Enterprises. February 1, 2009 [http://www. pbs. org/empires/martinluther/char_wife. html] http://www. pbs. org 2003 Devillier Donegan Enterprises. February 1, 2009 [http://www. pbs. org/empires/martinluther/cheats. html] â€Å"LUTHER, Martin† Funk Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, Inc. : New York 1979 Simon, Edith. Luther Alive: Martin Luther and the Making of the Reformation. Doub leday Company, INC. : New York. 1968 Thulin, Oskar. A Life Of Luther: Told in Pictures and Narrative by the Reformer and His Contemporaries. Fortress Press: Philadelphia. 1966 How to cite Martin Luther: the Reformer, Papers

Pico Question-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about whether Green Tea is better than Blak Tea in Preventing Cancer. Answer: Introduction PICO QUESTION In young women (P) will drink green tea (I) prevent cancer (O) compared to drinking black tea (C). Tea is normally composed of polyphenols, alkaloids, amino acids, carbohydrates, proteins and volatile organic compounds. The polyphenols are a large group of phytochemicals that contain catechins, which are thought to be responsible for the prevention of cancer. Green tea contains abundant quantity of catechins that is epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) that is thought to be extremely helpful. In comparison to that black tea have much less concentration of catechins. Although both the kind of tea comes from the same plant Camellia sinesis, Black tea is made by fermentation which green tea does not have to pass through. During the fermentation process many natural benefits are lost in the case of black tea. An extensive search has been performed through various databases, articles and journals in order to address the PICO question. A data in a tabular form has been provided in this report to support the PICO question. Discussion Key words/ search terms/ Phrases Alternative words P Young adult AND Green tea Young adults AND benefits of green tea. Green tea OR cancer prevention. I Green tea Catechins AND cancer prevention Catechins AND reduction of oxidative stress. EGCG OR metastasis. Flavanoids AND anti cancer potential. Polyphenols OR Catechins. Flavanoids OR anticancer potential. C Black tea OR green tea in cancer prevention. Green tea Catechins AND black tea. Components of green tea Or black tea. O Green tea AND Antioxidants Antioxidants OR tumor cell shrinkage Antioxidants AND cancer prevention, antioxidants AND cancer cell shrinkage. CINAHL and MEDLINE have been used to do the research regarding the following PICOT question. Nurses and the health care professionals use the CINAHL database to find out a wide variety of journals. It makes the best use of the research informations. Science literatures have evolved from time to time in terms of their specialization and this website provides us with a vast array of scientific literatures. It is the best database while conducting a review of qualitative evidence. It also provides an advanced search with the limiters. MEDLINE focuses of biomedical and clinical journals. It is one of the most popular and responsible resources on the world wide web. It is an appropriate website for the scholars, physicians and the researchers, nurses. Both CINAHL and MEDLINE have provided with a variety of journals that addresses the PICOT question. Various journals regarding the antioxidant properties of Green tea over black tea had been discussed. ACTION SEARCH MODE RESULTS LIMITERS/EXPANDERS S1 Boolean/ phrase Young* AND Green tea, Cancer* 119 Limiters- Abstract Available; Published Date: 20100101-20171231; English Language; Peer Reviewed. Expander- * Young AND *Cancer S2 Boolean/ phrase Green tea* OR black tea * Green tea OR Cancer prevention 74 Limiters- Abstract Available; Published Date: 20100101-20171231; English Language; Peer Reviewed, Research article. Expander- Cancer*, Prevent* wildcard used. S3 Smart text searching Polyphenols OR Catechins in green tea for preventing cancer. 25 Expanders- Apply related words; Also search within the full text of the articles S4 Boolean/ phrase. Antioxidants* AND metastasis* 25 Full text, Published date: 20120101-20161231 Expanders- Antioxidants*AND Metastasis* wildcard used. S5 Smart text searching- Antioxidants and meta* 12 Limiters- Full text Published Date: 20120101-20161231 Publication: clinical nutrition English Language Peer Reviewed Expanders- Antioxidants* AND meta* S6 Smart text searching-Efficiency of Epi-gallactocatechin-3- gallate in the prevention of cancer 2 Limiters- Application of related words, Full text, English language, peer reviewed, 2014-2017. The PICO question of this assignment is about whether green tea is better than black tea in preventing cancer. Although there are very few evidences that can prove that green tea has any other extra beneficial effects than the black tea, but it can be said that Black tea is made by fermentation which green tea does not have to pass through. During the fermentation process many natural benefits are lost in case of the black tea. Iwasaki, M., Mizusawa, J., Kasuga, Y., Yokoyama, S., Onuma, H., Nishimura, H., ... Tsugane, S. (2014). Green Tea Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk in Japanese Women: A Case-Control Study.Nutrition Cancer,66(1), 57-67. doi:10.1080/01635581.2014.847963 The following research article provides information about the various components of green tea that helps in inhibiting the metastasis of the cancer. It also provides us with the idea of how the antioxidants apply their oxidative radicals on the tumour cells and helps in their destruction. The following journal is a review regarding how green tea consumption has role in minimizing breast cancer. Wang, P., Heber, D., Henning, S. M. (2012). Quercetin Increased the Antiproliferative Activity of Green Tea Polyphenol (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate in Prostate Cancer Cells.Nutrition Cancer,64(4), 580-587. doi:10.1080/01635581.2012.661514 This reference provides with the information of how the catechin present in the green tea have anticancerous properties. Catechins like Epigallocatechin-3-gallate helps in preventing the metastasis in cancer. Conclusion It can hereby be concluded that green tea has got some really good effects on the health. It has got the antioxidant properties that helps to relieve the oxidative stress and thus helps in inhibiting cancer. Although there are several health benefits of consuming green tea, there are very few research articles that support the raised PICO question. References Connors, S. K., Chornokur, G., Kumar, N. B. (2012). New Insights Into the Mechanisms of Green Tea Catechins in the Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer.Nutrition Cancer,64(1), 4-22. doi:10.1080/01635581.2012.630158 Iwasaki, M., Mizusawa, J., Kasuga, Y., Yokoyama, S., Onuma, H., Nishimura, H., ... Tsugane, S. (2014). Green Tea Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk in Japanese Women: A Case-Control Study.Nutrition Cancer,66(1), 57-67. doi:10.1080/01635581.2014.847963 Lanfang, W., Xingwei, Z., Jing, L., Li, S., Zhiqiang, L. (2014). Tea consumption and lung cancer risk: A meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies.Nutrition,30(10), 1122-1127. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.02.023 Vance, T. M., Su, J., Fontham, E. H., Koo, S. I., Chun, O. K. (2013). Dietary Antioxidants and Prostate Cancer: A Review.Nutrition Cancer,65(6), 793-801. doi:10.1080/01635581.2013.806672 Wang, P., Heber, D., Henning, S. M. (2012). Quercetin Increased the Antiproliferative Activity of Green Tea Polyphenol (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate in Prostate Cancer Cells.Nutrition Cancer,64(4), 580-587. doi:10.1080/01635581.2012.661514

Etiquette Essays - Etiquette, Pragmatics, Virtue, Sociolinguistics

Etiquette THESE pages have been prepared for those who are striving to improve themselves in exterior polish, and to add to their stock of information concerning the subjects upon which it treats. It has not been written for those who have been trained in the best usages of society from their infancy; nor for those who learned politeness at the same time that they mastered the alphabet; but for the less favored of both sexes in our land, who are desirous of obtaining a knowledge of the etiquette which governs social intercourse, and are desirous of cultivating both politeness and good-breeding. Its instructions are perfectly plain, practical and simple -- so simple that many persons may incline to ridicule them. But only in this way can we convey information to the many who are desirous of receiving it. Etiquette has been define as a code of laws which binds society together -- viewless as the wind -- and yet exercising a vast influence upon the well-being of mankind. These laws were instituted during the days ancient chivalry, but as years have flown they have been modified in a great degree, many of them being quite obsolete and others entirely changed. Some, however, have been but slightly varied, to suit the times, being governed by the laws of good taste and common sense, and these not only facilitate the intercourse of persons in society, but are also essential to their ease and composure of manner. And manners, said the eloquent Edmund Burke, are of more importance than laws, for upon them in a great measure the laws depend. The law can touch us here and there, now and then. Manners are what vex or soothe, corrupt or purify, exalt or debase, barbarize or refine, by a constant, steady, uniform and insensible operation, like that of the air we breathe in. They give their whole form and color to our lives. According to their quality they aid morals, they supply them, or they totally destroy them. It is often said that such a man's pleasant, affable manners made his fortune. And it is a truth that politeness and good-breeding go far towards forming both a man and a woman's reputation, and stamp upon them, as it were, their current value, in the circles wherein they move. Agreeable manners are very frequently the fruits of a good heart, and then they will surely please, even though they may lack somewhat of graceful, courtly polish. There is hardly any thing of greater importance to children of either sex than good-breeding; and if parents and teachers would perform their duties faithfully, there would not be so much complaint concerning the manners of the American child of the period. BE COURTEOUS, it is an apostolical injunction which we should ever bear in mind. Let us train up our children to behave at home as we would have them act abroad; for we may be certain that, while they are children, they will conduct themselves abroad as they have been in the habit of doing, under similar circumstances at home. The new version of Solomon's proverb is said to run thus: -- Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will go on training. But it is open to several definitions. Enter a home where the parents are civil and courteous towards all within the family circle -- whether guests or constant inmates -- and you will see that their children are the same; that good manners are learned quite as much by imitation as by fixed rules or principles. Go into a family where the parents are rude, ill-bred and indulge in disputations and unkind remarks, and you will find the children are rough, uncouth and bearish. Good manners are not merely conventional rules, but are founded upon reason and good sense and are, therefore, most worthy of the consideration of all; and there are many points of good-breeding which neither time nor place will ever change, because they are founded upon a just regard of man for man. We frequently hear these questions asked: Who is a lady? and who is a gentleman? The answers may be difficult to supply on account of the great difference of opinion in various classes of society, upon

A human-made disaster Essays

A human-made disaster Essays A human-made disaster Essay A human-made disaster Essay The Aral Sea, a mammoth body of water which is located on the border of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, former parts of the Soviet Union and now the Commonwealth of Independent States, was once the fourth largest sea in the entire planet. The two major rivers that feed it are Amudarya and Syrdarya (darya meaning river). But the Aral Sea has been shrinking for over four decades. Now, it is only the eleventh largest sea on our planet. This disaster, like many others, is caused by man, but on a much larger scale.It began when the U.S.S.R, determined to conquer the mountainous, desert terrain around the Aral Sea, came up an ingenious scheme. Moscow ordered water to be diverted from Amudarya and Syrdarya in large amounts to irrigate the cotton fields in the Central Asian desert. The plan worked. Where nothing had ever grown, now grew millions of tons of white gold. The economy was boosted and nature had been tamed yet again. However, this excessive use of water meant that by the time the water reached the Aral Sea, it was reduced to barely a trickle of water, polluted by harmful chemicals. Over the next years, this resulted in the shrinking of the Aral Sea. Recently, the sea began vanishing faster than ever expected.Now, one-time sea-side towns are stranded in the middle of a salty desert. The climate is getting warmer and warmer because of the reduced cooling affect of the sea. There is little rain, but there is a lot of stagnant water. The atmosphere has been poisoned by salts and deadly chemicals. Sandstorms sweep the land carrying with them poisonous salts and other dangerous chemicals. There arent any fish in the Sea: they were slaughtered by the chemicals released. There was also an island which was once a Soviet bio-weapon facility. The harmful waste dumped on this island is currently being cleaned as part of an international project.These are tough times for people living in the regions around the Aral Sea. There are far too limited fishing opportunities, much to the fishermens despair who are now escaping this region. There is little water, clean enough for hygiene and to drink. There are premature births and more miscarriages as a result of a polluted atmosphere. Diseases, such as typhoid, are on the increase. More and more people are becoming unemployed as, not only the fishing, but canning industry suffers as well.Even now, Uzbekistan is one of the largest exporters of cotton in the world. Although, this advantage is only limited as it is only a matter of time as the income from cotton decreases, striking a blow at both nations economies, while income from fishing has already become sparse and unemployment is on the rise.The question at this time is how to undo another of our blunders. The answers proposed are that the quality of irrigation canals be improved and desalination plants be built on the Aral Sea. Another set of ideas are charging farmers to use water and planting cotton that requires less water. But these ideas will require money, which these nations do not possess.In conclusion, Aral Sea is another one of the numerous human-made disasters, but on a much larger magnitude. We should learn from this mistake and keep them in mind as we move on to attain new feats. We also need to take action on the issues of the future NOW, such as the global warming crisis which will affect the whole world and on a lot larger scale than the Aral Sea. Or else, like in this case, it might be too late.

Managing organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing organisations - Essay Example Recruitment Managers find Psychology to come in handy when they are recruiting for new job positions in their firms. Managers bearing acute knowledge in psychology are able to tell the different personalities that are needed in the various workplaces and they are able to match different teams with the appropriate team members. This helps the organisation avoid serious recruiting mistakes, thus growing stronger in its workforce (Conrad, 2009). Organisational culture This involves the behaviour of people working in the organisation, how they relate to one another and the meaning that they attach to their roles. Managers need to have knowledge in Psychology to enable them devise plans and strategies that will help in overcoming the challenges within their workforce. They are also able to retain the workforce by understanding their needs and rewards thus retaining them. They are also able to make better and informed decisions when they need to cut costs within the firm. They are able to appease their employees even when the firm is going through some rough times (Conrad, 2009). Development Managers with knowledge in psychology are able to invest in the employees through managerial, leadership, and personal development. This enables the firm to retain the best employees, motivate them and also attract other top performers. This in turn gives the firm competitive advantage with its rival firms (Conrad, 2009). Humanistic Theory of Motivation It is founded on the idea that individuals possess powerful cognitive reasons that influence them into working towards particular goals. Sources of motivations among individuals change as they proceed from basic needs to self-actualisation in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. A well-paying job can be a great source of motivation for the individuals at the initial stage of the hierarchy of needs. As the individual progresses the motivators change and finding meaning in the job, creativity and independence can be the new powerful motivators. Maslow called this compensation when one is motivated by and gives more importance to competencies rather than meta-pay. Organisation of the work environment is very crucial given the changing needs of workers. The managers need to understand this aspect and utilise psychology to implement the necessary strategies to address this issue (Cherry, 2013). Psychology is important as it helps create self-awareness in the managers. They become aware of their strengths and weaknesses, therefore, having total control of all situations in the firm. They also become aware of their surroundings. They are able to understand the behaviour of their subordinates, workers, customers and their clients, thus having the ability to provide better services and a serene work environment. Having knowledge in psychology helps the managers understand different kinds of employees, therefore, finding them positions or departments where they can work well and foster good relationships with others. 1 . b) Examine the problems that managers may encounter when seeking to apply psychology to their role Wrong interpretation of situations The managers may interpret a certain situation wrongly, which will mislead them into making wrong decisions. Managers may walk into a situation at the workplace or with the clients and due to limited interaction with them; they may make the wrong interpretation. This stems from making unfounded assumptions that may lead to the wrong application of Psychology

Over-cutting the forests of Indonesia, Philippines and Sabah Essay

Over-cutting the forests of Indonesia, Philippines and Sabah (Malaysia) - Essay Example Yet, clear cutting, deforestation, and over cutting of the timberlands has resulted in severe shortages of lumber in countries such as the Philippines where 9 percent of the forests were cleared in the period 1980 thru 1990 (Ascher 13). There are a myriad of forces at work that create a climate where short-term gain outweighs the sound long-term management of a countrys natural resources. Flawed government policies and a failure to understand the implications of the economic driving forces has resulted in forest ove4r cutting in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The generic and overly simplistic viewpoint that over cutting the forests in under-developed nations is a combination of greed, corruption, and ignorance marginalizes the effect of government policy. While it is true that these can have a significant effect, such as Malaysia where over $1 billion was unaccounted for in 1994, it is more often the well-intentioned, though misguided, government policies that result in forest mismanagement. In addition, governments have failed to enact strict enforcement and accountability policies that would limit the influence of special interest groups and hold government officials more responsible for the budget. Ascher illustrates the extreme case of Indonesia where President Suharto engaged in the "off-budget pursuit of development strategies ranging from downstream wood products to aerospace" as well as "†¦motives such as political campaign finance and personal aggrandizement" (81). The redistribution of resources without sound budgetary con trol disrupts pricing as well as contributing to over production. One of the more clearly misguided efforts at managing the forestry sector output has been the proliferation of export bans of raw timber around the world. The Indonesian economy lost $400 million in 1981-82 when it banned the export of raw timer in an effort to spur

Indian calling to far away towns

Indian calling to far away towns 1 Introduction With the development of economy, call centres have played an important role in the companies operation (Patel Broughton, 2002). However, in recent years, the economic challenges have made the increasing number of corporations which from developed countries moved their call centers to developing countries (Keith, 2001). This paper will evaluate the journal article of Taylor and Bains â€Å"India calling to the far away towns: the call centre labour process and globalization† critically. This paper is organized as follows: firstly, it will have a comprehensive understanding of the authors aim, and evaluate in terms of the research methods briefly. Secondly, it will use a series of research method literatures to find the drawbacks or limitations of the journals research design and approach. Furthermore, a number of studies in the literature of call centre will be presented to strengthen the authors claims. The essay will conclude by giving some suggestions about any other alternative research methods that can prove the authors ideas. 2 Research design and methods used Taylor and Bain (2005)s article argues that the increasing number of prominent UK-based companies have migrated operations to India. Scotland and India both were main call centres in the world, but now â€Å"there would not be a call centres in Scotland in five years† (Donoghue, 2003).The authors attempt to though an investigation of the Indian call centre labour process to prove the assumption that the offshoring of call centre is unproblematic. Furthermore, the authors provide a range of adequate academic literatures for the proposed research, and reveal a clear framework though the study of Indian development (Taylor Bain, 2005). Several issues that authors reported in the research had been raised in the critical review. The central one is tensions of operators that because of the Indian context, all employees from call centre must be both customers-oriented and cost-efficient. As Korczynski (2002) says customers-oriented and cost-efficient are two main logics that should be infused by operators. Another issue is comparing with British, Indian has different culture and working style, whether can Indian operators accept the routinized workflow has become a question. In order to solve those questions, the authors use a series of research methods to explore that situation about offsourcing practices, including: case study, semi-structured interview, formal and informal interview, sectoral audit conducted by questionnaires analysis (Taylor Bain, 2005). Basing on collecting the quantitative data, the authors mainly use the qualitative methods to tackle the issues. Qualitative research methods are valued in concept understanding (Hodges et al, 2007), and combining the quantitative research methods, the research study will be more convictive (Saunder et al, 2009: 151). The authors access seven call centres in Indian by virtue of National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM). Nasscom presents that as third-party operations, call centres have become various sectors of companies, and Nasscom also provides several useful materials about Indian call centre to authors. It cannot deny that using the secondary date which from other organization is really helpful, because of it is hard to search information of other countries. However, relying on Nasscom, the information that authors can select and evaluate is limited. Taylor and Bain (2005) get the detailed information such as recruitment, culture capability, and workflow about call centres by having semi-structured interviews with senior management. Semi-structured interview is one of the greatest methods to obtain specific qualitative information from a person, and gain insight into specific issues (Davis, 1990). And the interviews will be recorded by audio-recording (Saunder et al, 2009: 321) in order to provide convenience to further researchs. Additionally, the authors have formal interviews with Nasscom senior personnel, industry leaders and trade union officials. Authors also find opportunities to communicate with personnel from across the industry though participating in three industry conferences (Taylor Bain, 2005: 266). Researchers may gain unexpected achievement from informal interview. The authors also can learn more information that cannot be directly observed by using the interviews. Scotland provides useful materials for evaluating UK trends to complement the Indian data which extracting from questionnaires. The questionnaires were distributed to 290 call centres, and conducted between February and July 2003. Finally, 250 full questionnaires were collected (Taylor Bain, 2005: 267). The questionnaire is one of the most widely used methods to collect data, and â€Å"it provide an efficient way of collecting responses from a large sample prior to quantitative analysis† (Saunder et al, 2009: 361). Saunder et al (2009) also says comparing with face to face interviews, questionnaires can give people deep impress. It is very useful in large sample size and wide areas data collection. Questionnaires are easy to analyze and easy to complete. It is familiar to most people. And the most important advantage is the respondents will not be influenced by the researchers ideas. 3 Literature review, discussion and findings Having a critical review of Taylor and Bains journal, it is can clearly find that Indian has advantaged factors to become a major region of call centres. The key advantage is India has cheap labour forces. In order to reduce cost, the increasing numbers of companies remove their call centres to India. A study by McKinsey, Indian can ahead of China, France in call centres rely on the labour pool, costs and skills. And Indian operators also have high-quality in professional knowledge. According to Keith (2001), Indian can catch the computer skills faster than any others because India has large resource of computer technologies. Indian can think independently and critically. Another similar study by O2I (2009) says that comparing with China, Philippines, Malaysia and other Asian countries, most of international companies choose India for their call centers, because of â€Å"Call centres in Indian offer cost-effective customer support services without compromising on quality† (O2I , 2009). With low-cost in labours, and high-quality call center outsourcing services, Indian call centres can save half cost that if performed in the US or UK. In addition, Taylor and Bain (2005: 268) say â€Å"Indian government commitment to economic reform and the tenets of the Washington consensus liberalization, privatization and globalization have facilitated migration†.The Indian government has raised some policies to support the offshoring, such as reducing the tax of companies. The Indian government also helps compaies to build facilities and infrastructure in order to make India become the worlds most preferred call center (O2I, 2009). Taylor and Bain (2005: 272) mention that comparing with UK counterparts, Indian operators work in more pressurized environment. And Indian workers cannot have normal sleep because of the time different. Furthermore, working in a narrow space and breathing foul air under a long time, Indian workers will have healthy problems. Other researchers have similar findings in this field. A research by Patel and Broughton (2002) presents that people work in call centres will has a risk of hearing damage, the noisy from headsets will higher than regular level. A survey by Boyce et al (2007) reveals that the operators who have worked in call centres for 8 months gain the same average weight for males and females at 5.1 kg. Obesity has become another healthy problem for call centres workers. Indian call centres also encounter such problems: denial of identity, working in tensions, and long commuting distance. Cornell (2009) mentions that distance and isolation between clients and workers is a main problem of call centres, so that operators must adapt the culture of west countries. Indian call centres provide a range of activities to avoid those problems, selecting workers in attitudinal characteristics: positive attitude, personal skills and the work efficiency under the high pressure. And providing training to operators to improve their skills and English pronunciation (Taylor Bain, 2005: 274). In order to avoid the risk of hearing damage, call centres hold trainings about using the headset and how to protect their ears regularly (O2I, 2009) 4 Limitations and drawbacks This research by Taylor and Bain achieves success. However, there still have some limitations and drawbacks. The information that authors gain from Nasscom may be limited and unuseful. Secondary data may not be accurate, and the data maybe out of date (Borders et al, 2000). The authors are hard to find valued information from the limited data. This research also has drawbacks in the interviews of Nasscom supervisor, industry leaders and trade union officials. The number of interviewees is unknown, and the detailed questions are not mentioned. In order to get the information the researchers want, interviewees will be asked some directedness questions (Wimmer and Dominick 1997:162). And validity and reliability of the interview data may also be influenced by interviewees consideration (Breakwell et al, cited in Oatey, 1999). Considering the relationship of other companies, the interviewees will give optimistic information rather than objective information. And it cannot reflect the information fully because of usually the sample size is small. The questionnaire is directed to different cases has different types, including self-administered questionnaires, interviewer-administered questionnaires, and telephone questionnaires (Saunder et al, 2009: 363). However, in Taylor and Bains essay, which type of the questionnaires is not mentioned. And the truth of the questionnaires might be doubted. In a similar survey (Boyce et al, 2007), the researchers distributed 1100 questionnaires to workers of the call centres, unfortunately, only 393 employees completed the questionnaires. The low response is in expectation, because employees had to find time during the work shift to complete the questionnaire. This research also not provides the detailed questions in the questionnaire. It has no strong data to persuade people to believe this analysis. 5 Conclusion In conclusion, Indian have become the major call centre in the world, more and more companies remove their call centres to India, because of the low-cost, customer-orientated, the government supporting and the high-quality of Indian operators. However, Indian call centres also encounter difficulties. Indian workers must to adapt the western customer and work in tensions. And healthy problems have become the main emergency of call centres. From taking a brief look at other researches, the qualitative research methods such as interview, case study are suitable methods in doing researches. Combining with qualitative and quantitative methods together is the best way to do researches. In most cases, researchers fall into researches because of only rely on one research method. Researchers like to use questionnaires but have not do a clear analysis, or only use qualitative methods. Most of readers are not experts, cannot understand the rationalistic analysis. Quantitative research methods are designed to ensure objectivity and reliability. The researcher uses this method to survey the external environment, and record the first data to further research. Qualitative research methods are designed to give the researcher with a clear view about the situation and result. Researchers also use this method to have a deep interaction with people who take part in this research. â€Å"Integrating quantitative and qualitative research m ethods lends depth and clarity to do researches† (Weinreich, 1996). This combination of approaches is necessary because of the range of data can help researchers have a deep impress of this situation. And then researchers should use qualitative methods to analyze the data in order to extract more useful information to support the arguments. In this journal, the authors use both quantitative and qualitative research methods to analyze the issues. Taylor and Bain gain the secondary date from Nasscom, and have interviews with supervisors, analyze the questionnaires of call centres. The achievements should be acknowledged, however, it cannot deny that this research has a lot of limitations. There are several suggestions that can improve further researches. Firstly, the secondary data should be checked, in the case study, authors did not mention that whether the data has selected. Because of some of the information from other organizations may not true. Secondly, authors should provide the data of how long the interviews lasted, and the details about the interviews. Thirdly, the researchers should give more data or tables of the research. With numerous data, the results of researches will more convincing. Furthermore, in the final of the research report, the authors should give more information about the difficulties they encountered when they did the researches, and how they overcame the difficulties. References Borders, T. F., Rohrer, J. E., Vaughn, T. E. (2000) ‘Limitations of secondary data for strategic marketing in rural areas, Health Services Management Research : an Official Journal of the Association of University Programs in Health Administration / HSMC, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 216-222. Boyce, R. W., Boone, E. L., Cioci B. W., Lee, A. H. (2007) ‘Physical activity, weight gain and occupational health among call centre employees, Occupational Medicine, pp. 238-244, retrieved December 13, 2007. Cornell, G. (2009) ‘Offshoring work is a quick fix laden with many pitfalls, NJBIZ Back Issues, 19 October, p. 2. Davis, D. (1990) The communitys toolbox: the idea, methods and tools for participatory assessment, monitoring and evaluation in community forestry, Bangkok : Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia. Hodges, S., Hernandez, M., Pinto, A., Uzzell, C. (2007) ‘The use of qualitative methods in systems of care research, The Journal of Behavioral Health ServicesResearch, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 361-368 Keith, F. (2001), India call center advantage: competitive options in a tough economy, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3995/is_200108/ai_n8983959/ Korczynski, M. (2002) Human resource management and service work, Basingstoke: Palgrave. Oatey, A. (1999) The strengths and limitations of interviews as a research technique for studying television viewers, Retrieved April 19, 1999, from http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Students/aeo9702.html O2I (2009) Call centers in India, from http://www.outsource2india.com/why_india/articles/call_centers_india.asp Patel, J. A. Broughton, K. (2002) ‘Assessment of the noise exposure of call centre operators, The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 653-661.Retrieved March 8, 2002, from Oxford Journal. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A. (2009) Research methods for business students fifth edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited Press, pp. 321, 361-363. Taylor, P Bain, P. (2005) ‘India calling to the far away towns: the call centre labour process and globalization, Work, Employment and Society, vol. 19, no. 2, Retrieved June, 2005. Weinreich, N. K. (1996) Integrating quantitative and qualitative methods in social marketing research, Retrieved Winter, 1996, from http://www.social-marketing.com/research.html Wimmer, R. D. Dominick, J. R. (1997): Mass media research: an introduction. Belmont, MA: Wadsworth.

Walter Lees Dreams in A Raisin in The Sun Essay -- Lorraine Hansberry

Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun is a play about segregation, triumph, and coping with personal tragedy. Set in Southside Chicago, A Raisin in the Sun focuses on the individual dreams of the Younger family and their personal achievement. The Younger's are an African American family besieged by poverty, personal desires, and the ultimate struggle against the hateful ugliness of racism. Lena Younger, Mama, is the protagonist of the story and the eldest Younger. She dreams of many freedoms, freedom to garden, freedom to raise a societal-viewed equal family, and freedom to live liberated of segregation. Next in succession is Beneatha Younger, Mama's daughter, assimilationist, and one who dreams of aiding people by breaking down barriers to become an African American female doctor. Lastly, is Walter Lee Younger, son of Mama and husband of Ruth. Walter dreams of economic prosperity and desires to become a flourishing businessman. Over the course of Walter's life many things contrib uted to his desire to become a businessman. First and foremost, Walter's father had a philosophy that no man should have to do labor for another man. Being that Walter Lee was a chauffeur, Big Walter?s philosophy is completely contradicted. Also, in Walter?s past, he had the opportunity to go into the Laundromat business which he chose against. In the long run, he saw this choice was fiscally irresponsible this choice was. In Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun, Walter Lee's dreams, which are his sole focus, lead to impaired judgement and a means to mend his shattered life. Initially, Walter?s sole focus on his dreams lead to impaired judgment. One way Walter portrays his impaired judgment is when he makes assorted empty promises. In the Yo... ...se. Still Walter will face many more roadblocks, but perhaps his shattered life may begin to repair itself, even without financial security. Evidently, Walter Lee?s judgment becomes significantly impaired and all because of his dreams. In the world today, people still struggle with the same problems and desire the same things Walter does. Success is a seemingly huge necessity. In the course of ones life, each person is destined to face personal conflicts and contradictions. These problems, with the ability to overcome them is truly how to achieve greatness. As Mr. Langston Hughes questions so powerfully in his poem, ?What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun With the help of Walter Lee Younger, the answer becomes evident. Dreams never dry up? they just change. Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. New York: Signet, 2008.

Basic Steps in Strategic Planning Process Essay

Strategic Planning Model Many books and articles describe how best to do strategic planning, and many go to much greater lengths than this planning response sheet, but our purpose here is to present the fundamental steps that must be taken in the strategic planning process. Below is a brief description of the five steps in the process. These steps are a recommendation, but not the only recipe for creating a strategic plan; other sources may recommend entirely different steps or variations of these steps. However, the steps outlined below describe the basic work that needs to be done and the typical products of the process. Thoughtful and creative planners will add spice to the mix or elegance to the presentation in order to develop a strategic plan that best suits their organization! Step One – Getting Ready To get ready for strategic planning, an organization must first assess if it is ready. While a number of issues must be addressed in assessing readiness, the determination essentially comes down to whether an organization’s leaders are truly committed to the effort, and whether they are able to devote the necessary attention to the â€Å"big picture†. For example, if a funding crisis looms, the founder is about to depart, or the environment is turbulent, then it does not make sense to take time out for strategic planning effort at that time. An organization that determines it is indeed ready to begin strategic planning must perform five tasks to pave the way for an organized process: identify specific issues or choices that the planning process should address clarify roles (who does what in the process) create a Planning Committee develop an organizational profile identify the information that must be collected to help make sound decisions. The product developed at the end of the Step One is a Workplan. Step Two – Articulating Mission and Vision A mission statement is like an introductory paragraph: it lets the reader know where the writer is going, and it also shows that the writer knows where he or she is going. Likewise, a mission statement must communicates the essence of an organization to the reader. An organization’s ability to articulate its mission indicates its focus and purposefulness. A mission statement typically describes an organization in terms of its: Purpose – why the organization exists, and what it seeks to accomplish Business – the main method or activity through which the organization tries it fulfill this purpose Values – the principles or beliefs that guide an organization’s members as they pursue the organization’s purpose Whereas the mission statement summarizes the what, how, and why of an organization’s work, a vision statement presents an image of what success will look like. For example, the mission statement of the Support Centers of America is as follows: The mission of the Support Centers of America is to increase the effectiveness of the nonprofit sector by providing management consulting, training and research. Our guiding principles are: promote client independence, expand cultural proficiency, collaborate with others, ensure our own competence, act as one organization. We envision an ever increasing global movement to restore and revitalize the quality of life in local communities. The Support Centers of America will be  a recognized contributor and leader in that movement. With mission and vision statements in hand, an organization has taken an important step towards creating a shared, coherent idea of what it is strategically planning for. At the end of Step Two, a draft mission statement and a draft vision statement is developed. Step Three – Assessing the Situation Once an organization has committed to why it exists and what it does, it must take a clear-eyed look at its current situation. Remember, that part of strategic planning, thinking, and management is an awareness of resources and an eye to the future environment, so that an organization can successfully respond to changes in the environment. Situation assessment, therefore, means obtaining current information about the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, and performance – information that will highlight the critical issues that the organization faces and that its strategic plan must address. These could include a variety of primary concerns, such as funding issues, new program opportunities, changing regulations or changing needs in the client population, and so on. The point is to choose the most important issues to address. The Planning Committee should agree on no more than five to ten critical issues around which to organize the strategic plan. The products of Step Three include: a data base of quality information that can be used to make decisions; and a list of critical issues which demand a response from the organization – the most important issues the organization needs to deal with. Step Four – Developing Strategies, Goals, and Objectives Once an organization’s mission has been affirmed and its critical issues identified, it is time to figure out what to do about them: the broad approaches to be taken (strategies), and the general and specific results to be sought (the goals and objectives). Strategies, goals, and objectives may come from individual inspiration, group discussion, formal decision-making  techniques, and so on – but the bottom line is that, in the end, the leadership agrees on how to address the critical issues. This can take considerable time and flexibility: discussions at this stage frequently will require additional information or a reevaluation of conclusions reached during the situation assessment. It is even possible that new insights will emerge which change the thrust of the mission statement. It is important that planners are not afraid to go back to an earlier step in the process and take advantage of available information to create the best possible plan. The product of Step Four is an outline of the organization’s strategic directions – the general strategies, long-range goals, and specific objectives of its response to critical issues. Step Five – Completing the Written Plan The mission has been articulated, the critical issues identified, and the goals and strategies agreed upon. This step essentially involves putting all that down on paper. Usually one member of the Planning Committee, the executive director, or even a planning consultant will draft a final planning document and submit it for review to all key decision makers (usually the board and senior staff). This is also the time to consult with senior staff to determine whether the document can be translated into operating plans (the subsequent detailed action plans for accomplishing the goals proposed by the strategic plan) and to ensure that the plan answers key questions about priorities and directions in sufficient detail to serve as a guide. Revisions should not be dragged out for months, but action should be taken to answer any important questions that are raised at this step. It would certainly be a mistake to bury conflict at this step just to wrap up the process more quickly, because the conflict, if serious, will inevitably undermine the potency of the strategic directions chosen by the planning committee. The product of Step Five is a strategic plan! 2 What’s in a vision statement? [From http://www.allianceonline.org/faqs.html] Martin Luther King, Jr. said, â€Å"I have a dream,† and what followed was a vision that changed a nation. That famous speech is a dramatic example of the power that can be generated by a person who communicates a compelling vision of the future. Management author Tom Peters identified a clear vision of the desired future state of the organization as an essential component of high performance. Widely-read organizational development author Warren Bennis identified a handful of traits that made great leaders great. Among them is the ability to create a vision. So, What Is a Vision and How Do I Get One? A vision is a guiding image of success formed in terms of a contribution to society. If a strategic plan is the â€Å"blueprint† for an organization’s work, then the vision is the â€Å"artist’s rendering† of the achievement of that plan. It is a description in words that conjures up a similar picture for each member of the group of the destination of the group’s work together. There is one universal rule of planning: You will never be greater than the vision that guides you. No Olympic athlete ever got to the Olympics by mistake; a compelling vision of his or her stellar performance inevitably guides all the sweat and tears for many years. The vision statement should require the organization’s members to stretch their expectations, aspirations, and performance. Without that powerful, attractive, valuable vision, why bother? How a Vision is Used John Bryson, the author of Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations, states that typically, a vision is â€Å"more important as a guide to implementing strategy than it is to formulating it.† This is because the development of strategy is driven by what you are trying to accomplish, your  organization’s purposes. A mission statement answers the questions: Why does our organization exist? What business are we in? What values will guide us? A vision, however, is more encompassing. It answers the question, â€Å"What will success look like?† It is the pursuit of this image of success that really motivates people to work together. A vision statement should be realistic and credible, well articulated and easily understood, appropriate, ambitious, and responsive to change. It should orient the group’s energies and serve as a guide to action. It should be consistent with the organization’s values. In short, a vision should challenge and inspire the group to achieve its mission. The Impact of Vision John F. Kennedy did not live to see the achievement of his vision for NASA, but he set it in motion when he said, â€Å"By the end of the decade, we will put a man on the moon.† That night, when the moon came out, we could all look out the window and imagine†¦ And when it came time to appropriate the enormous funds necessary to accomplish this vision, Congress did not hesitate. Why? Because this vision spoke powerfully to values Americans held dear: America as a pioneer and America as world leader. In an amazing longitudinal study on goal setting, Yale University surveyed the graduating class of 1953 on commencement day, to determine if they had written goals for what they wanted their lives to become. Only three percent had such a vision. In 1973, the surviving members of the class of 1953 were surveyed again. The three percent who had a vision for what they wished their lives would become had accumulated greater wealth than the other 97 percent combined. Great wealth, a man on the moon, brother and sisterhood among the races of the globe†¦ what is your organization’s vision? Shared Vision To a leader, the genesis of the dream is unimportant. The great leader is the servant of the dream, the bearer of the myth, the story teller. â€Å"It is the  idea (vision) that unites people in the common effort, not the charisma of the leader,† writes Robert Greenleaf in Leadership Crisis. He goes on to write: Optimal performance rests on the existence of a powerful shared vision that evolves through wide participation to which the key leader contributes, but which the use of authority cannot shape†¦. The test of greatness of a dream is that it has the energy to lift people out of their moribund ways to a level of being and relating from which the future can be faced with more hope than most of us can summon today. The Process for Creating a Vision Like much of strategic planning, creating a vision begins with and relies heavily on intuition and dreaming. As part of the process, you may brainstorm with your staff or your board what you would like to accomplish in the future. Talk about and write down the values that you share in pursuing that vision. Different ideas do not have to be a problem. People can spur each other on to more daring and valuable dreams and visions — dreams of changing the world that they are willing to work hard for. The vision may evolve throughout a strategic planning process. Or, it may form in one person’s head in the shower one morning! The important point is that members of an organization without a vision may toil, but they cannot possibly be creative in finding new and better ways to get closer to a vision without that vision formally in place. Nonprofit organizations, with many of their staff and board members actively looking for ways to achieve a vision, have a powerful competitive and strategic advantage over organizations that operate without a vision. Perceptions of Ideal Futures: An Exercise in Forming Vision This section outlines an exercise you may employ to assist your organization in defining its own vision. By using this exercise to develop your organizational vision, you may be better assured that the vision statement that is developed is a shared vision. At a retreat, or even at a board meeting or staff meeting, take an hour to explore your vision. Breaking into small groups helps increase participation and generate creativity. Agree on a rough time frame, say five to ten years. Ask people to think about the following questions: How do you want your community to be different? What role do you want your organization to play in your community? What will success look like? Then ask each group to come up with a metaphor for your organization, and to draw a picture of success: â€Å"Our organization is like †¦ a mariachi band – all playing the same music together, or like a train – pulling important cargo and laying the track as we go, or †¦.† The value of metaphors is that people get to stretch their minds and experiment with different ways of thinking about what success means to them. Finally, have all the groups share their pictures of success with each other. One person should facilitate the discussion and help the group discuss what they mean and what they hope for. Look for areas of agreement, as well as different ideas that emerge. The goal is to find language and imagery that your organization’s members can relate to as their vision for success. Caution: Do not try to write a vision statement with a group. (Groups are great for many things, but writing is not one of them!). Ask one or two people to try drafting a vision statement based on the group’s discussion, bring it back to the group, and revise it until you have something that your members can agree on and that your leaders share with enthusiasm. 3 What’s in a mission statement? [From http://www.allianceonline.org/faqs.html] In just a few sentences a mission statement needs to communicate the essence of your organization to your stakeholders and to the public. For example: At the Developmental Studies Center we develop, evaluate, and disseminate programs that foster children’s ethical, social, and intellectual development. While nurturing children’s capacity to think skillfully and critically, we also strive to deepen children’s commitment to prosocial  values such as kindness, helpfulness, personal responsibility, and respect for others – qualities we believe are essential to leading humane and productive lives in a democratic society. Often, however, organizations want to say more about who they are, what they are doing, and why they are doing it. Therefore, another example of a mission statement format is illustrated by the mission statement developed by the Forest Service. After a brief statement, the Forest Service uses three pages to elaborate its mission, vision, and guiding principles. Excerpts from the expanded statement include: The phrase, â€Å"caring for the land and serving the people,† captures the Forest Service mission. As set forth in law, the mission is to achieve quality land management under the sustainable multiple-use management concept to meet the diverse needs of people. It includes advocating a conservation ethic†¦ Vision: We are recognized nationally and internationally as a leader in caring for the land and service people†¦ Guiding Principles: To realize our mission and vision, we follow 13 guiding principles †¦ Neither approach is necessarily the â€Å"right† one for your organization. What is important about your mission statement is that one guiding set of ideas is articulated, understood and supported by the organization’s stakeholders, board, staff, volunteers, donors, clients, and collaborators. The Need for a Mission Statement In Profiles of Excellence, the Independent Sector lists a clear, agreed upon mission statement first among the four primary characteristics of successful nonprofit organizations. Specifically, the four primary characteristics include: a clear, agreed-upon mission statement a strong, competent executive director a dynamic board of directors an organization-wide commitment to fundraising. The primary importance of the mission statement means that failure to clearly state and communicate your organization’s mission can have harmful consequences, including: organization members can waste time â€Å"barking up the wrong tree† the organization may not think broadly enough about different possibilities if its mission statement is unclear or overly narrow the organization may not realize when it is time to go out of business Finally, the importance of mission statements is summarized quite eloquently by Lewis Caroll through the words of the Cheshire Cat in Alice in Wonderland, â€Å"If you don’t know where you’re going, it doesn’t matter which way you go.† Indeed! What Should Be in a Mission Statement? The following concepts are critical in defining â€Å"who† your organization is: The Purpose Statement The purpose statement clearly states what your organization seeks to accomplish: Why does your organization exist? What is the ultimate result of your work? Purpose statements usually include two phrases: an infinitive that indicates a change in status, such as to increase, to decrease, to prevent, to eliminate an identification of the problem or condition to be changed. An example of a purpose statement is â€Å"to eliminate homelessness.† In defining purpose, it is essential to focus on outcomes and results rather than methods: How is the world going to be different? What is going to change? Thus, the purpose of a mental health counseling agency would never be simply â€Å"to provide counseling services,† for that is describing a method rather than a result. Rather, the purpose might be â€Å"to improve the quality of life† for its clients. The Business Statement This statement outlines the â€Å"business(es)† (i.e., activities or programs) your organization chooses in order to pursue its purpose. Specifically, you must answer, â€Å"What activity are we going to do to accomplish our purpose?† For example, there are many ways to work on the problem of homelessness: to construct housing for homeless individuals to educate the public and advocate for public policy changes to provide job training to homeless individuals. Each of these are different businesses, but they may be different means of achieving the same purpose. Business statements often include the verb â€Å"to provide† or link a purpose statement with the words â€Å"by† or â€Å"through.† For example: â€Å"To eliminate homelessness by providing job training to homeless individuals.† A cautionary note: If the word â€Å"and† is in your purpose or business statement, ask yourselves, â€Å"Are we really committed to both ideas connected by the word† and, â€Å"or have we simply not been able to accept that one idea is more important?† Values Values are beliefs which your organization’s members hold in common and endeavor to put into practice. The values guide your organization’s members in performing their work. Specifically, you should ask, â€Å"What are the basic beliefs that we share as an organization?† Examples of values include: a commitment to excellent services, innovation, diversity, creativity, honesty, integrity, and so on. Values may include beliefs such as: â€Å"Eating vegetables is more economically efficient and ecologically responsible than eating beef.† (Vegetarian Association) Marvin Weisbord writes in Productive Workplaces that values come alive only when people are involved in doing important tasks. Ideally, an individual’s personal values will align with the spoken and unspoken values of the organization. By developing a written statement of the values of the organization, group members have a chance to contribute to the articulation of these values, as well as to evaluate how well their personal values and motivation match those of the organization. The example of a mission statement cited at the beginning of this response sheet includes all three elements of what should be included in a mission statement. To review: At the Developmental Studies Center we develop, evaluate, and disseminate programs [business] that foster children’s ethical, social, and intellectual development [purpose]. While nurturing children’s capacity to think skillfully and critically, we also strive to deepen children’s commitment to prosocial values such as kindness, helpfulness, personal responsibility, and respect for others – qualities we believe are essential to leading humane and productive lives in a democratic society [values]. Below is another example of a mission statement which includes all three elements: The YMCA of San Francisco, based in Judeo-Christian heritage [values], seeks to enhance the lives of all people [purpose] through programs designed to develop spirit, mind and body [business]. In addition to the th ree elements discussed above, you may want to address the following questions in developing your organization’s mission statement: What is the problem or need your organization is trying to address? What makes your organization unique? Who are the beneficiaries of your work? Clearly, the answers to the these questions could be included in the mission statement or added as elaboration of the mission statement. How To Write a Mission Statement There is no formula for finding the wording that best expresses the collective intention of your organization. It can be drafted by one person alone or after input gathered at leadership retreat. The most important issue is that there is consensus on the answers to the questions used in developing the mission statement. One approach is to use time at a board retreat to discuss these questions and find out where the areas of consensus are and where there are differences. There is a â€Å"process† benefit to hashing over an organization’s mission statement as well. In the course of discussion and debate, new members are  introduced to nuances of an organization’s mission and changes in the environment, and old members refresh their understanding of both. As a result, the group will have confidence that the mission statement which emerges (whether it is a new statement or a rededication to the old mission statement) is genuinely an articulation of commonly held ideas. Groups are good at many things, but one of them is not writing. Have group discussions about big ideas and concepts and then let one or two individuals draft and redraft the wording before submitting a reworked version for the group to respond to. It is important to circulate the draft mission statement a few times to board, staff, and other stakeholders. Some consultants advise organizations to also seek an outside opinion from someone unfamiliar with the organization to see how easily the mission statement can be understood. Mix with passion, humanity and an eye on the big picture, and keep refining the mission statement until you have a version that people can actively support. 4 Applying this to the Garfield High School Foundation We need to spend the face time (as suggested in the â€Å"Strategic Planning† section above) to construct the Mission and Vision for the Foundation. In the meantime, here are the Mission and Vision Statements for the school. Garfield High School Mission Statement (from http://www.ghs.seattleschools.org/aboutus.php) To provide a comprehensive and effective educational experience for all students, with opportunities for achievement that encourage skill development, self-confidence and an appreciation of cultural diversity. The school staff will use a variety of approaches in motivating students to: Gain knowledge through critical thinking, exploration, and discovery Contribute their knowledge, compassion, and leadership to society Meet the technological challenges of 21st Century Take responsibility for their personal and educational development Garfield High School Vision Statement: (from http://www.ghs.seattleschools.org/aboutus.php) The vision of Garfield High School is to educate and prepare all students to become successful in class, socially, and in their future